Flow Resistance Estimation Using the Empirical Chezy Method in Sediment-Laden Flow
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.70609/g-tech.v9i4.8057Keywords:
Non-sediment laden;, Sediment laden, Flow resistance, Chezy coefficientAbstract
Hydraulic resistance, represented by the Chezy coefficient, is crucial in estimating flow discharge in open channels and serves as a fundamental parameter in designing hydraulic structures such as irrigation canals and river control facilities. This study investigates the behavior of the Chezy coefficient under non-sediment-laden (NSL) and sediment-laden (SL) flow conditions through controlled laboratory experiments using coarse sand, complemented by comparative analysis with data from irrigation channels and natural rivers. The results show that the ratio of mean velocity to shear velocity (U/u*) exhibits a robust correlation with discharge (Q) under both flow conditions, with a determination coefficient (R²) exceeding 0.96. The hydraulic radius (Rh) also shows a strong linear relationship with discharge (R ≈ 0.98), confirming its role in the empirical estimation of the Chezy coefficient (C). The value of C increases with higher velocity ratios but tends to be slightly lower under SL conditions due to increased resistance from suspended sediments. The Mean Absolute Error (MAE) value of 0.02 indicates a slight difference between NSL and SL conditions. These findings suggest that the empirical method is unreliable and exhibits significant differences in estimating Chezy under sediment-laden flow. It highlights the need for supplementary approaches to improve irrigation and river management design accuracy.
References
Apperley, L. W., & Raudkivi, A. J. (1989). The entrainment of sediments by the turbulent flow of water. Sediment/Water Interactions. Proc. 4th Symposium, Melbourne, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2376-8_5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2376-8_5
Bjerklie, D. M., Dingman, S. L., & Bolster, C. H. (2005). Comparison of constitutive flow resistance equations based on the Manning and Chezy equations applied to natural rivers. Water Resources Research, 41(11). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003776 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2004WR003776
Cellino, M., & Graf, W. H. (1999). Sediment-Laden Flow in Open-Channels under Noncapacity and Capacity Conditions. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 125(5). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1999)125:5(455) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1999)125:5(455)
Cellino, M., & Graf, W. H. (2000). Experiments on suspension flow in open channels with bed forms. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680009498328 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680009498328
Chen, X., Zhang, M., & Yu, G. (2020). Depth-Averaged von Kármán Coefficient in Sediment-Laden Flows Using a Turbulent Kinetic Energy Balance. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 146(4). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)hy.1943-7900.0001713 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)HY.1943-7900.0001713
Chow, V. Te. (1959). Open-Channel Hydraulics. Ven Te Chow. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1959. xviii+ 680 pp. Illus. $17. Science, 131(3408). DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.131.3408.1215-b
Elgamal, M. (2021). A moment-based chezy formula for bed shear stress in varied flow. Water (Switzerland), 13(9). https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091254 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w13091254
Graf, W. H., & Altinakar, M. S. (2005). Transport of Sediments. In Encyclopedia of Hydrological Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.hsa147 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/0470848944.hsa147
Graf, W. H., & Cellino, M. (2002). Suspension flows in open channels; experimental study. Journal of Hydraulic Research, 40(4). https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680209499886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00221680209499886
Hla, M. M. (2003). Application of modified log-wake law in sediment-laden flows. In Journal of Applied Fluid Mechanics (Vol. 1, Issue 2).
Kironoto, B. A., & Yulistiyanto, B. (2016). The simplified of suspended sediment measurement method for predicting suspended sediment load as a basic of reservoir capacity design as renewable energy resource. International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v6i1.3026.g6788 DOI: https://doi.org/10.20508/ijrer.v6i1.3026.g6788
Kironoto, B. A., Yulistiyanto, B., Giarto, B., Kiptiah, M., & Tantowi, M. L. (2019). The Simplified of Suspended Sediment Measurement Method in Natural River (Case study of Kuning River in Yogyakarta, Indonesia). Journal of the Civil Engineering Forum, 5(3). https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.47061 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22146/jcef.47061
Maini, M. (2024). Pengaruh Transpor Sedimen terhadap Koefisien Kekasaran Manning di Saluran Terbuka [Dissertation, Universitas Gadjah Mada]. https://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/penelitian/detail/243794
Maini, M., Kironoto, B. A., Istiarto, & Pamudji, A. P. (2024). Evaluating Manning’s Roughness Coefficient for Flows with Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium Sediment Transport. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(1), 65–80. https://doi.org/10.14525/JJCE.v18i1.06 DOI: https://doi.org/10.14525/JJCE.v18i1.06
Maini, M., Kironoto, B. A., Rahardjo, A. P., & Istiarto. (2023). Flow Characteristics of Equilibrium and Non-equilibrium Sediment Transport Flows. International Journal of GEOMATE, 25(110), 77–86. https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.110.3957 DOI: https://doi.org/10.21660/2023.110.3957
Maini, M., Kironoto, B. A., Rahardjo, A. P., & Istiarto. (2024). Effect of equilibrium and non-equilibrium sediment transport flows on the shear velocity in an open channel. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1311(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1311/1/012013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1311/1/012013
Maini, M., Kironoto, B. A., Rahardjo, A. P., & Istiarto. (2025). Alternative Method for Determining Manning’s Roughness Coefficient Using Two-Point Velocity in Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Sediment Transport. Civil Engineering Journal, 11(7), 2666–2685. https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-02 DOI: https://doi.org/10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-07-02
Passeri, D. L., Long, J. W., Plant, N. G., Bilskie, M. V., & Hagen, S. C. (2018). The influence of bed friction variability due to land cover on storm-driven barrier island morphodynamics. Coastal Engineering, 132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.11.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.11.005
Song, T., Chiew, Y. M., & Chin, C. O. (1998). Effect of Bed-Load Movement on Flow Friction Factor. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering, 124(2). https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9429(1998)124:2(165) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(1998)124:2(165)
Torabizadeh, A., Tahershamsi, A., & Tabatabai, M. R. M. (2018). Measurement of dimensionless Chezy coefficient in step-pool reach (Case Study of Dizin River in Iran). Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.03.012 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2018.03.012
Zhong, D., Zhang, L., Wu, B., & Wang, Y. (2015). Velocity profile of turbulent sediment-laden flows in open-channels. International Journal of Sediment Research, 30(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2014.09.005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsrc.2014.09.005
Zhou, J., Bao, W., Tick, G. R., Moftakhari, H., Li, Y., & Cheng, L. (2021). A modified chezy formula for one-dimensional unsteady frictional resistance in open channel flow. Journal of Fluids Engineering, Transactions of the ASME, 143(5). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049681 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049681
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Miskar Maini, Junita Eka Susanti
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
